There are currently 58 names in this directory
Accredited Investor
An individual with income exceeding $200,000 annually (or $300,000 together with a spouse) in each of the prior two years, and who reasonably expects the same for the current year OR an individual with a net worth of over $1 million (either alone or together with a spouse), excluding the value of the individual’s primary residence. (Source: U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission)
Appraisal
A process of developing an opinion of value for real property. In order to be a valid appraisal, the authorized person will have a designation from a regulatory body governing the jurisdiction the appraiser operates within. Appraisals usually take one of three approaches to value: (i) cost approach, (ii) sales comparison approach and (iii) income approach.
Appreciation / Home Price Appreciation (HPA)
An increase in the value of a home or property over time. The increase can occur for a number of reasons including increased demand or weakening supply, or as a result of changes in inflation or interest rates. This is the opposite of depreciation, which is a decrease over time. The Annual Home Price Appreciation, or HPA is the increase in value of a property over the course of a year.
Basis Point
A basis point (bps) is a unit that is equal to 1/100th of 1%, in other words one basis point is equal to 0.01%, similarly a 1% change is equal to a 100 basis point change.
BPO Merge
A valuation report used by investors, lenders, and real estate agents to value a property. The valuation analysis is performed by a local licensed real estate agent and takes into consideration the condition of the home and the local market activity (comparables).
Broker Price Opinion (BPO)
A valuation report used by investors, lenders, and real estate agents to value a property. The valuation analysis is performed by a local licensed real estate agent and takes into consideration the condition of the home and the local market activity (comparables).
CAGR
The compound annual growth rate (CAGR) is a useful measure of growth over multiple time periods. It can be thought of as the growth rate that gets you from the initial investment value to the ending investment value if you assume that the investment has been compounding over the time period.
Cap Rate
Capitalization rate is the percentage return calculated by dividing net operating cash flow in Year 1 by the property purchase price. Your net operating cash flow excludes your loan costs.
Capital Expenditures (CAPEX)
Capital Expenditures are generally related to material improvements or upgrades to a property such as new appliances, roof or upgrades to existing facilities as these acquisitions will have a useful benefit beyond the current tax year. CAPEX does not include Repair and Maintenance (R&M) expenses.
Cash Flow
First year net cash flow received after all operating expenses, repair and maintenance expenditures, property taxes, loan payments and assuming a 5% vacancy rate. Value calculated using Roofstock assumptions detailed in the Detailed Financial section.
Cash On Cash
A measure of return on your initial investment in the first full year, equal to your net cash flow after loan payments divided by your initial investment amount.
Clear Title
A clear title is a title without any kind of material lien or levy from creditors or other parties and poses no question as to legal ownership.
Closing Costs
The expenses, over and above the price of the property, that buyers and sellers normally incur to complete a real estate transaction. Potential costs incurred include loan origination fees, discount points, appraisal fees, title searches, title insurance, surveys, taxes, deed-recording fees and other charges
Common Areas
Areas of a property that are used by all owners or tenants. The following are examples of common areas:the clubhouse and pool of a condominium development the hallways and stairs of an apartment building the elevators of an office building the mall area of a shopping center
Diligence
An investigation of the property by the Buyer prior to making a commitment to buy. Diligence on an investment property may include checking title, reviewing an inspection to ascertain the condition of the property, reviewing the lease and tenant information, reviewing valuation estimates, changing various underwriting assumptions, researching the neighborhood and the local real estate market.
Distributions / Dividend
Payments made to investors periodically, typically over the course of a calendar year, from profits.
Down Payment
Portion of the property price paid at the time of purchase when using leverage, or full purchase price when buy all cash.
Equity
The value of ownership built up in a home or property that represents the current market value of the house less any remaining mortgage balance. This value can build up over time as the property owner pays off the mortgage and the market value of the property appreciates.
Escrow Agent
An entity that has fiduciary responsibilities in the transfer of property from one party to another. The escrow agent will prepare closing documents and examine documents to make sure that the terms of the sale are met on each end, serving both the buyer and seller in the transaction.
Estimated Total Cash Return
Is the sum of your estimated (i) annual net operating cash flows over 5 years plus (ii) property net sale proceeds minus your initial investment and outstanding loan balance.
Estimated Total Gain
Is the cumulative sum of your estimated (i) annual net operating cash flows, (ii) property appreciation, and (iii) equity balance increase (excluding your initial investment) at a point in time. Unlike the Estimated Total Cash Return, Total Gain does not assume asset disposition and is only representative of potential gain during the holding period.
FREE-MARKET (Market-Rate)
An apartment unit that is not rent-stabilized or rent-controlled. A free-market or market-rate apartment is a unit where the rental rate and lease terms are negotiated between the owner and tenant. (Source: NYC.gov)
Gross Yield
The gross yield is the yield on an investment before the deduction of taxes and expenses. Gross yield is expressed in percentage terms. In real estate, it is calculated as the annual rental income on an investment property to taxes and expenses divided by the current price of the property.
Home Inspection
An examination of a real estate property’s condition, usually performed in connection with the property’s sale. A home inspector can assess the condition of a property’s roof, foundation, heating and cooling systems, plumbing, electrical work, water and sewage, and some fire and safety issues. In addition, the home inspector will look for evidence of insect, water or fire damage, or any other issue that may affect the value of the property.
Home Owners Association (HOA)
An organization in a subdivision, planned community or condominium that makes and enforces rules for the properties in its jurisdiction. Properties that are in an association have monthly, quarterly or annual HOA fees which are used to provide or maintain common amenities like sidewalks and neighborhood parks
Income Property
Property bought or developed to earn income through rental income or home price appreciation. Income property can be residential or commercial. Residential income property is commonly referred to as “non-owner occupied.”
Initial Investment
This is the estimated amount of capital needed to purchase the property. This amount includes: your down payment, loan & acquisition fees, and closing costs.
Insurance (Landlord or Property Insurance
An insurance policy that includes coverage for a comprehensive list of causes of loss and replacement cost settlement. Landlord policies sometimes provide coverage for lost rent in the event a covered loss occurs.
Internal Rate of Return (IRR)
A measure of annualized net return on an equity investment. Equals the discount rate at which the sum of the present value of all cash flows is zero. Calculation is based on actual and budgeted values.
Investment Property
A real estate property that has been purchased with the intention of earning a return on the property, either through rent (income), the future resale of the property, or both. An investment property can be a long-term endeavor, such as a Single-Family Rental home, or a short-term investment in the case of flipping (where a property is bought, remodeled or renovated, and sold at a profit).
K-1
Tax form used to report to each partner or beneficiary his or her share of income, losses, capital gains, and other tax information passed through from a partnership or trust.
Lease
A contract in which, for a rent payment, the one entitled to the possession of the real property (lessor) transfers those rights to another (lessee) for a specified period of time.
Leveraged Return
The use of various financial instruments or borrowed capital, such as a loan, to increase the potential return of an investment.
Loan-to-Value
A lending risk assessment ratio that financial institutions and others lenders examine before approving a mortgage. The LTV is calculated by dividing the amount of the loan by the value of the property. Typically, assessments with high LTV ratios are generally seen as higher risk and, therefore, if the mortgage is accepted, the loan will generally cost the borrower more to borrow (reflected as a higher interest rate).
Mortgage Loan
A mortgage loan, also referred to as a mortgage, is used by purchasers of real property to raise funds to buy real estate; or by existing property owners to raise funds for any purpose while putting a lien on the property being mortgaged. Mortgage borrowers can be individuals mortgaging their home or they can be businesses mortgaging commercial property (for example, their own business premises, residential property let to tenants or an investment portfolio).
Net Operating Income (NOI)
A calculation used to analyze real estate investments that generate income. Net operating income equals all revenue from the property minus all reasonably necessary operating expenses.
Operating Expenses
Expenses incurred in the ordinary course of business such as property management fees, leasing commissions, property taxes, insurance, HOA fees, and repair and maintenance items.
Property Manager
The person or company responsible for managing the rental properties in exchange for a fee. Property managers oversee the leasing, rent collection, repairing and maintaining of the investment property on behalf of the owner.
Property Taxes
The annual amount paid by a land owner to the local government or the municipal corporation of his area. Property taxes are determined based on the value of the land and any improvements made.
Qualified Intermediary
A qualified intermediary (QI) is any foreign intermediary (or foreign branch of a U.S. intermediary) that has entered into a qualified intermediary withholding agreement with the IRS.Foreign financial institutions and foreign branches of U.S. financial institutions can enter into an agreement with the IRS to be a qualified intermediary. A QI is entitled to certain simplified withholding and reporting rules. (Source: IRS.gov)
Regulation D
Regulation D permits raises of unlimited amounts from accredited investors without registering a public sale through the SEC, as it’s assumed that accredited investors are financially able to bear the burden of investment decisions without a review by the SEC.
Repair and Maintenance Expense
The costs incurred to bring a property back to an earlier condition or to keep the property operating at its present condition (as opposed to improving the asset). For example, cleaning the gutters, repairing broken appliances or repainting and cleaning in preparation for a new tenant are all considered repair and maintenance expenses.
Retail Investors
Individual investors who buy and sell properties for their personal portfolio and not for another company or organization. Also known as an “individual investor” or “small investor.”
Security Deposit
A monetary deposit given to a landlord to offset the cost of repair in the event of any damage caused by the Tenant. While generally refundable, security deposits can be either refundable or nonrefundable, depending on the terms of the lease. As the name implies, the deposit is intended as a measure of security for the recipient.
Self-Directed IRA
Most IRA custodians only allow approved stocks, bonds, mutual funds and CDs. A truly Self-Directed IRA custodian, such as Equity Trust, allows those types of investments in addition to real estate, notes, private placements, tax lien certificates and much more.
Single-Family Rental (SFR)
A Single-Family Rental home is a detached residence that is rented out to a Tenant as opposed to being owner-occupied.
Title Report & Title Insurance
The written analysis of the status of title to real property, including a property description, names of titleholders and how title is held (joint tenancy, etc.), tax rate, encumbrances (mortgages, liens, deeds of trusts, recorded judgments), and real property taxes due. A title report made when the report is ordered is called a “preliminary report,” or a “prelim,” and at time of recording an up-to-date report is issued which is the final title report. The history of the title is called an “abstract.” A title report is prepared by a title company, an abstractor, attorney, or an escrow company, depending on local practice. Normally a title report’s accuracy is insured by title insurance which will require the insurance company to either correct any error or pay damages resulting from a “cloud on title,” encumbrance or title flaw in the title which was not reported.
Unit
In multifamily residential property, a suite of rooms making up a residence for one tenant. It is generally characterized by a private entrance and some method of individuality from other units in the building or complex.
Useful Life
1. in appraisal, the economic period during which a positive cash flow is expected for the improvements. 2 in accounting and taxation, the period to depreciate the building.
Vacancy Rate
The percentage of all units or space that is unoccupied or not rented. On a pro-forma income statement a projected vacancy rate is used to estimate the vacancy allowance, which is deducted from potential gross income to derive effective gross income.
Value-Add
An investment strategy that targets underperforming properties with upside potential. Physical value-add strategies aim to improve the property itself by completing deferred maintenance, renovating unit interiors or adding new amenities. Operational value-add strategies aim to improve property fundamentals by addressing managerial issues. The most successful value-add strategies often involve aspects of physical and operational value-add strategies.
WATERFALL (Distribution Waterfall)
The order in which a private investment makes distributions. A distribution waterfall is a hierarchy delineating the order in which funds will be distributed, and may ensure that different types of investors have priority of payment compared to others within the same property.
Yield
In the context of real estate, yield refers to the annual cash return on the investment, expressed as a percentage of the investment’s initial cost, or less frequently, its estimated current value.
Yield Maintenance
A prepayment premium that allows investor/lender to attain the same yield as if the borrower made all scheduled mortgage payments until maturity.
Zoning
A legal mechanism for local governments to regulate the use of private owned real property by specific application of police power to prevent conflicting land uses and promote orderly development. All privately owned land within the jurisdiction is placed within designated zones that limit the type and intensity of development permitted